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Fracture du calcaneum


Les fractures du calcanéum représentent 60 % de toutes les fractures
du pied et environ 2 % de toutes les fractures du squelette . Il
semble que la fréquence de ces lésions n’ait pas augmenté avec la
mécanisation industrielle, le trafic automobile ou la guerre . Dans
le passé, ces fractures, très comminutives, étaient considérées comme
inopérables. Les progrès récents de la TDM, qui permet d’en faire
un excellent bilan, et des techniques chirurgicales expliquent que les
chirurgiens orthopédistes soient devenus plus interventionnistes.
Chez les adultes, le traitement des fractures intra-articulaires reste
encore très controversé, avec de bons arguments pour le traitement
conservateur et le traitement chirurgical. Cependant, une étude
récente sur 47 patients opérés montre de bons résultats dans 90 %
des cas et un moins bon résultat lors de lésions bilatérales. La
plupart de ces patients ont repris leur travail à 6 mois . Les
fractures du calcanéum résultent habituellement d’une chute sur les
talons ou d’un accident de voiture, avec transmission des forces par
l’astragale sur le corps du calcanéum. Elles sont souvent bilatérales
et associées à d’autres fractures du membre inférieur homolatéral et
à des tassements vertébraux. Les fractures thalamiques, par
séparation ou par enfoncement, sont les plus sévères. Les fractures
extrathalamiques peuvent concerner le sustentaculum tali, la grande
apophyse et la tubérosité postérieure. Chez les enfants, les fractures
du calcanéum sont très rares , et leur pronostic à long terme et
après traitement conservateur est meilleur que chez les adultes, à
cause de la capacité du squelette immature à se remodeler.
La première classification des fractures du calcanéum les divisait en
fractures extra-articulaires et fractures intra-articulaires. Les
secondes sont celles qui concernent l’articulation sous-astragalienne
et la calcanéocuboïdienne. La classification proposée par
l’Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) les divise en trois groupes.
Le type A est une fracture extra-articulaire, le type B une fracture
isolée du corps du calcanéum, le type C une fracture intraarticulaire,
chacun de ces types étant lui-même divisé en sousgroupes
en fonction du degré de déplacement, de la topographie et
du nombre de fragments. Cette classification très complexe est
considérée par de nombreuses personnes comme peu utile et elle
est peu utilisée. La classification proposée par Sanders est basée sur
le bilan en TDM , en fonction du nombre de fragments osseux
dans la zone thalamique .
Le bilan radiologique commence par un minimum de trois
radiographies : un cliché antéropostérieur, un profil et une vue axiale
du calcanéum pour laquelle il faut s’efforcer d’avoir le meilleur
contraste possible afin de voir correctement la partie la plus
antérieure du calcanéum. Le cliché dit de Broden est une
radiographie réalisée en oblique en rotation interne de 45° avec une
inclinaison du rayonnement de 10° à 40°, afin de bien mettre en
évidence l’articulation sous-astragalienne. Cette radiographie est
plus utile dans le suivi des malades que lors du bilan initial des
fractures du calcanéum. Mais, pendant une opération, le chirurgien
peut tirer parti d’un examen sous fluoroscopie reproduisant cette
vue. La mesure de l’angle de Bohler sur la radiographie de profil est
très importante pour évaluer la dépression du thalamus dont la
sévérité s’accompagne d’un mauvais pronostic, quel que soit le type
de traitement]. De nos jours, l’examen en TDM s’est largement
imposé dans le bilan des fractures du calcanéum. Il est pratiquement
toujours réalisé, lors du bilan initial, dans notre institution.
L’acquisition dans un seul plan ne suffit pas en général ; c’est
pourquoi nous préférons, quand cela est possible, une acquisition
dans deux plans ou une seule acquisition avec des
reconstructions 2D sagittales et coronales, ce qui est devenu
très aisé avec les scanners modernes. Les reconstructions 3D
souvent réalisées ne paraissent pas, à notre avis, toujours
supérieures aux reconstructions 2D dans deux plans. Il arrive qu’une
fracture peu déplacée du calcanéum passe inaperçue et soit
découverte lors d’un examen en TDM ou en IRM réalisé
quelque temps après le bilan initial, à cause, par exemple, d’un
syndrome douloureux persistant et inexpliqué.

Classification de Sanders des fractures du calcanéum.
Type I Toutes les fractures articulaires non déplacées
Type II Fractures à deux fragments de la partie postérieure
Type III Fractures à trois fragments avec fragment central enfoncé (nécessitent
une greffe osseuse)
Type IV Fractures à quatre fragments articulaires (très comminutives, très mauvais
pronostic)

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